The Olmecs: Mesoamerica's Mysterious First Civilization

Despite nearly a century of research, Mesoamerica's first major civilization remains an enigma. Your course begins with an examination of the origins, culture, art, and legacy of the Olmec civilization. See how new research into archaeological sites and LiDAR technology has unearthed game-changing discoveries.

Step back more than 150 years to the discovery of a colossal head made from eight tons of basalt in the Veracruz mountains. See how early research, archaeological expeditions, and antiquarian interest established our initial understanding of the Olmecs as Mesoamerica's founding civilization.

San Lorenzo was the first major Olmec city, which peaked around 1,000 BCE. Known for its colossal heads, elite palaces, and a mysterious decline, San Lorenzo continues to fascinate. Learn what the latest DNA evidence and research into ancient corn production tell us about this city and the broader Olmec civilization.

For nearly a century, archaeologists have labeled the Olmecs as a "Mother Culture," out of which sprang other great Mesoamerican civilizations. Here, Dr. Barnhart surveys recent research into contemporary cultures in the Valley of Oaxaca and the Soconusco region, which suggests a "Sister Culture" of mutual influence might be more precise.

La Venta is the defining Olmec city of the Middle Formative Period of 900-500 BCE. Explore its corn-fueled rise, its great pyramids and private tombs, and trade networks throughout the region. Like San Lorenzo, La Venta amplified the Olmec legacy and shaped Mesoamerican culture until its fall.

Like so much of the Olmec legacy, we can only speculate about the civilization's religion and iconography. In this lecture, Dr. Barnhart shows you a wealth of Olmec art, including stunning half-human, half-jaguar figures. He then walks you through debates over the Olmec pantheon versus shamanism and ancestor worship.